Distributed Ledger Technology
Stablecoins: Promise, Peril, and the Policy Race
Stablecoins are crypto-tokens designed to keep a steady value, typically by referencing fiat money (e.g., USD, EUR) or baskets of assets. They aim to blend the instant, 24/7 settlement of blockchains with the familiarity of money. Benefits include low-cost cross-border transfers, programmability (escrow, conditional payouts), faster treasury flows, and access to dollar/euro liquidity in under-banked markets. Risks include run dynamics (if reserves are weak or illiquid), opacity around backing and governance, wallet-level illicit finance, and potential spillovers into short-term funding markets. Regulation therefore focuses on 1:1 reserves, redemption rights, disclosures, and AML/CFT controls. In the EU, stablecoins fall under MiCA as e-money tokens (EMTs) or asset-referenced tokens (ARTs); in the U.S., the new GENIUS Act creates a specific regime for “payment stablecoins.”